In this issue:
- Security updates: Consolidation through terror, the RSF strategy; SAF reliance on air power and militias; the expansion of drone warfare: From maneuver warfare to siege and depopulation; dim prospects for peace.
- Political developments: SAF grows increasingly beholden to hardline influence: RSF announces unilateral ceasefire: Civilians remain the only constituency consistently committed to peace, but struggle to organize.
- Humanitarian developments: Weaponization of humanitarian access continues, Emergency Response Rooms under pressure.
- Human rights: Mass atrocities in El Fasher.
- Economic updates: Poverty surge and economic collapse; war economy deepening; collapse of civilian livelihoods and forced displacement.
- International and regional response: Quad engagement and sanctions, the AU and IGAD.
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